Gomu Gomu no Mi

The Gomu Gomu no Mi is a Paramecia-type Devil Fruit that grants the user's body the properties of rubber, effectively making them a Rubber Human (ゴム人間). Originally, the fruit was called Hito Hito no Mi, Model: Nika and classified as a Mythical Zoan-type fruit that allows one to transform into the legendary "Sun God" Nika (and gain his rubbery attributes), before being renamed and reclassified by the World Government to hide the truth. In the present, only Imu and the Five Elders are known to know of the fruit's true nature, and its existence was never known to be recorded anywhere.

Around 13 years ago, the World Government had managed to capture and secure the fruit after chasing it for over 800 years. However, during transport, it was stolen by Shanks and his crew. Shortly after, it was accidentally eaten by the series' protagonist, Monkey D. Luffy.

Etymology

 * Gomu (ゴム) means "rubber" in Japanese, being borrowed from the Dutch word gom ("gum").
 * Hito (人) is Japanese for "person/human (being)".
 * Nika (ニカ) a word similar to the Romanized Japanese word meaning "toothy grin," represents the smiling mythical figure known as "Sun God" Nika, which the fruit is orignally named after.
 * In the VIZ manga, 4Kids and Funimation dubs, it is called the Gum-Gum Fruit, "gum" being a soft, cohesive substance designed for chewing, with elastic properties, and its original name is called the Human-Human Fruit, Model: Nika.

Appearance
The Gomu Gomu no Mi is a violet, spherical shaped fruit, similar to a cantaloupe, with a stem sprouting out of the top, with swirls that go in a curly "S" like-pattern. Its overall appearance greatly resembles a Yubari King.

While its final design has the characteristic Devil Fruit swirls all over it, the fruit was initially drawn without them in the first version of Romance Dawn.

Transformations
Due to its unique nature, this Devil Fruit grants the user a baseline body with the properties of rubber, though due to the fruit's true power being dormant, the user's body is limited to restrictions and transformations similar in nature to most Paramecias. After achieving an Awakening though, the fruit's true power as a Mythical Zoan is unleashed, giving the user a new transformation where their hair and clothes turn white, their eyes glow red with white ring-like pupils, and white clouds float around their neck, giving them the appearance of the mythical Sun God, Nika, granting their already rubbery body more strength and freedom and turning the user into the "Warrior of Liberation" (解放の戦士).

Strengths


The fruit's major strength, as demonstrated by Luffy, is that the user's body permanently adopts the properties of rubber: their body can stretch, bend, bounce, inflate, and twist much like said substance, even when their power is nullified by way of submergence in water or Seastone exposure.

Indeed, unlike most other Devil Fruits, the effects of the Gomu Gomu no Mi are always active, making the user's body permanently rubbery. The user becomes almost completely immune to blunt damage, including bodily attacks, blunt weapons, bullets, and even cannonballs, all of which will simply bounce off from their skin. Additionally, falls from great heights and heavy collisions that would kill a normal person end up being non-lethal or even painless, and certain traps and hazards are rendered ineffective considering the user's enhanced flexibility.

The fruit enables all parts of the consumer's body to behave like rubber, including their organs. This means that certain actions that otherwise would be impossible to do with a normal human body, such as pumping one's own blood or bones with air, can be achieved through this ability for extra speed or power. Furthermore, thanks to rubber's natural insulating properties, the user is also immune to electrical attacks, such as those from the Goro Goro no Mi, the Mink Tribe's Electro ability, and the special homie Zeus. Such immunity to electricity allows the Gomu Gomu no Mi's user to physically touch and hit the user of the Goro Goro no Mi (a lightning Logia) without needing Haki.



The user's ability to stretch and twist like rubber to extreme lengths not only makes them immune to injuries that originate from such, but it also grants them the skill to rebound from hard surfaces or reach people that are far away from their position. For offense, stretching allows the user to drastically increase the range of what would otherwise be considered a powerful close-range attack, turning it into a devastating mid-range or long-range attack. A stretched limb can be used to store potential energy like a stretched spring, increasing the velocity by stretching their arm back, resulting in increased power.

Luffy has shown a limited ability of moving in mid-air, by grabbing onto something with an extended limb and pulling himself away from what could have been a fatal attack. This gives the user the option of several jumping and airborne attacks that would have been disadvantageous to most other people.

In the anime, Luffy has used his stretching abilities to inhale great amounts of air to thus exhale a big gust of wind; this application of his powers was used to blow away Marigold's poisonous vapor from her venom spit and Magellan's poison breath.

Awakening


Once the fruit is "awakened", the user undergoes a drastic transformation where their hair and clothing turns white, their hair resembles flames, their eyebrows resemble spirals, and gains ringed pupils, in addition to steam wrapped around him. Similar to Luffy's Gear 3 and 4, the user can alter their physique without the need of inflating their bones or muscles. Kaidou has likened its awakening to the Zoan's transformation abilities and the Paramecia's environmental alteration, even elements like natural lightning. However, unique to this fruit is that it can extend to living beings, as Luffy could influence flesh as if it was rubber too. Considering it similar to his previous Gears using the fruit, and initially unaware of its true nature, Luffy dubbed his awakening as "Gear 5". In this state, his rubbery body gains irregular adaptability that even stupefied the battle-hardened Kaidou.

According to the Five Elders, the fruit had not been awakened for centuries prior to Luffy's having done so. They believed that preventing the fruit from awakening would be worth incurring the wrath of Kaidou, one of the Four Emperors, suggesting that they greatly fear the fruit's power. When Luffy either activates this state or is in it for long periods of time, he exudes joyous and contagious joy and mirth, giving even hardened enemies a sense of fun during fights. He tends to laugh more and feels light and extremely creative.

Weaknesses
Despite all the great advantages the user gets by using the fruit, there are a number of weaknesses. One major risk of the user's powers is that their stretched limbs take a moment to retract back into place, leaving them vulnerable to attacks in the moments when their limbs are stretched, as Buggy and Kuro both took advantage of early on in the series. Luffy, however, has adapted his fighting style to minimize this risk.



Initially, the user's body was similar to a rubber band, requiring him to use excessive motion to "throw" an attack. After the timeskip though, the extra movement became unnecessary, and Luffy is able to stretch easily. Additionally, rubber has a maximum limit to how far it can stretch; in the first SBS, Oda stated that the user's maximum stretching distance is "72 Gomu Gomus". Attempting to go beyond this length can cause the user to bleed and be at risk of ripping.

One of the biggest weaknesses that Gomu Gomu no Mi users possess is their susceptibility to cutting attacks and bladed weapons. By his own admission to Enel (much to Nami's annoyance) and as evidenced against Cracker, Katakuri and Kaidou, it has been consistently portrayed that Luffy has a vulnerability to cutting attacks. It should be noted however that this does not mean that Gomu Gomu no Mi users are weaker to these things than the average person (and in fact, Luffy is fairly durable even against bladed attacks). However, the Gomu Gomu no Mi's effectiveness against blunt attacks simply does not apply to cutting attacks (even when coated by Haki), allowing them to deal critical damage to Luffy.

While the user is normally highly resistant to blunt attacks, things like Fish-Man Karate and Seastone are able to bypass this durability. While contact with water or Seastone drains the user of his energy and nullifies his rubber-like ability to absorb blunt attacks (as with Smoker's jutte), his actual body still maintains its rubber-like nature, allowing a third party to stretch his body for him.



Just like other Devil Fruit users, the user is also susceptible to Busoshoku Haki. However, the usage of Haki only nullifies the user's ability to absorb blunt attacks; it does not revert the user's body to normal flesh. Through the use of Busoshoku Haki, Luffy's grandfather Garp was able to hurt him using only his fist (though Garp attributed this to "love"). When Luffy's crewmates (usually Nami) get angry at him, their punches are able to bypass Luffy's immunity to blunt attacks, although this is purely for comedic effect.

Another shortcoming noted by Doflamingo is that when Busoshoku Haki is applied to a part of Luffy's body, it stops being rubbery. This is proven with Luffy's Gomu Gomu no Thor Elephant Gun, where, despite rubber being a natural insulator of electricity, the Busoshoku Haki-enhanced attack itself discharges it. However, this weakness is negated by Gear 4, which harmonizes Luffy's rubbery body with his Haki, making him similar to an "iron balloon".

Coming into contact with a user of the Yami Yami no Mi, which has the power to completely nullify all other Devil Fruit powers, outright disables a Gomu Gomu no Mi's rubbery defense. This was shown when Blackbeard simply grabbed Luffy with his hand and then tossed him into the ground, causing him to bleed.

Usage


In his youth, Luffy had a problem controlling his own abilities. Though he had an idea of how they would work, Luffy had trouble with aiming and the timing of his attacks, and he was continuously sent spinning by the recoil. However, he managed to counter these weaknesses with his continuous training in the jungle by the time he left to be a pirate.

The powers of the fruit have been used by Luffy in a variety of ways. These range from simply moving from one place to another in a rather reckless manner, to attacking an enemy with a barrage of fast and strong punches. He has also developed several peculiar methods of combat as time passed, adapting new forms by manipulating his elastic body, most prominent his "Gear 2" and "Gear 3" forms, allowing him to momentarily increase his strength in combat. After the timeskip, he has learned to use Haki in conjunction with the fruit's powers, as well as having more control over his forms. Later, during the time skip, Luffy developed a form known as "Gear 4".



Of course, Luffy, being who he is, does not only use his ability for battle. When with his crew, or even when partying with others, Luffy tends to use his elastic properties for the amusement of others, such as making funny faces, or using his elastic body to play around. Often throughout the series he would stretch his arm and steal food from others, much to their annoyance. He also uses his powers for transportation purposes, a primary example being his Gomu Gomu no Rocket, which has him grab something with his arms and fire himself like a slingshot, which helps him travel great distances quickly. Luffy has no problem letting other people play with his stretching body, which people tend to take advantage of.

Past
According to the Five Elders, the World Government had attempted to obtain the Hito Hito no Mi, Model: Nika for 800 years and never succeeded. The Elders theorized that this might be due to the will of the fruit itself. At some point, the Government changed the name of the fruit to the Gomu Gomu no Mi in order to conceal its true nature, with a picture and information on it listed in the newer Devil Fruit Encyclopedia, unlike the old Devil Fruit Encyclopedia that has no mention of the new name. While unknown if either versions of the encyclopedia listed the Devil Fruit's classification, it was believed to be a Paramecia-type instead of a Zoan-type.

By the time the fruit fell into the possession of the World Government through unknown means, it was viewed as a minor Devil Fruit that just makes the user rubbery. It was placed on an escort ship being guarded by CP9 agents including Who's-Who, but was attacked, resulting in it being stolen by Lucky Roux and Shanks of the Red Hair Pirates thirteen years before the main storyline. The results of Who's-Who's failure to protect the fruit directly led to his dismissal from CP9 and eventual imprisonment.

Romance Dawn


During their time in the friendly port of Foosha Village, the Red Hair Pirates kept the fruit in a small chest which Roux carried around with him. Then one day, while they were celebrating at Partys Bar, a young boy who admired the crew named Monkey D. Luffy unwittingly ate the fruit as dessert for his meal, thus gaining a rubbery physique but also losing the ability to swim forever.

Although Shanks and his crew were aghast to discover that Luffy had eaten the fruit, it remains unclear if they were aware of its true name or power.

Dressrosa Arc
After Luffy gets exhausted from his first usage of Gear 4 against Donquixote Doflamingo, Jesus Burgess expressed interest in killing him in order to obtain the Gomu Gomu no Mi through unknown means. His attempt was stopped by the interference of Sabo, however.

Wano Country Arc
After his third defeat against Kaidou, caused by the interference of Guernica, Luffy awakened the fruit's powers, becoming the "Warrior of Liberation." This was the first time the fruit had been awakened in centuries, something of great worry to the Five Elders.

Early Concepts
According to Eiichiro Oda, Luffy was conceptualized with stretching powers specifically to allow for a "silly" fighting style that could make battles amusing as well as dramatic. As such, the Gomu Gomu no Mi is one of the few elements apart from Luffy himself to appear in both of the series' Romance Dawn prototypes:
 * The first Romance Dawn, much like One Piece proper, depicts the fruit as the property of the Red Hair Pirates, which Luffy nonchalantly eats. It also describes the fruit's origins as a "legend tree" (幻の木) that appears only once every fifty years.
 * The second Romance Dawn depicts the fruit as the property of Luffy's grandfather (here an unnamed, retired pirate, but drawn largely identical to Monkey D. Garp), once again nonchalantly eaten by Luffy. This version notably depicts Luffy's first named attack: Right-Hand Stopper. Like in the final version of the One Piece manga, the fruit was first taken from an enemy.

(According to a separate interview, the fruit's original name was simply the "Gomu no Mi" (ゴムの実), but Oda changed it after an editor recalled this to be the name of a real-life fruit.)

Adaptation Differences
In the manga, Luffy ate the fruit—unnoticed—while Higuma and his gang began accosting the Red Hair Pirates, and its ability was first demonstrated when Luffy tried to leave Partys Bar with Shanks holding onto his arm, causing his entire arm to stretch. The anime's adaptation of these events depicts Luffy eating the fruit out of anger directly stemming from Shanks' blithe attitude toward the bandits; in addition, Shanks notices almost immediately, and even heaves Luffy upside-down in an effort to dislodge it, resulting in Luffy's legs stretching as the first demonstration of the fruit's power.

(Most if not all subsequent adaptations of Chapter 1, such as the Episode of Luffy special and Episode 878, depict the scene closer to the manga's version of events.)

In the live-action series, the capabilities of the fruit have been somewhat altered. While the fruit gives Luffy the ability to stretch to incredible lengths, send back bullets and cannonballs used on him, and shrug off certain blows, his near invulnerability to blunt-based blows appears to have been reduced, where such blows would normally have been shrugged off or caused him no form of injury or discomfort.

Name
VIZ, 4Kids, and Funimation all translate this fruit's name as the "Gum-Gum Fruit". This translation comes from the etymology of the Japanese word "Gomu". "Gomu" is a loan word from Dutch, it comes from "Gom" which is used in Dutch to refer to rubber to identify it as "natural rubber" instead of "synthetic rubber". This is not only true of Japanese, but most worldly languages derive their word for "Rubber" from "Gum".

Viz most likely selected "Gum-Gum" as a translation over "Rubber Rubber" due to "Gum" being phonically similar to "Gomu". The only English version of the series to ever translate it out as the "Rubber Rubber Fruit" is the Odex version. This is because it has no connections to the North American versions at all. Despite translating Gomu as "Gum", all English versions refer to Luffy as a "rubber man".

In the Filipino dub of One Piece, the word used is "Goma-Goma", "goma" being the Filipino word for "rubber".

In the anime, the description of Luffy's cell in Charlotte Mont-d'Or's book prison, the fruit's name is romanized as "Gomgom no mi".

Origin
Curiously, the VIZ manga describes the fruit as "of the Gum-Gum Tree" in at least two chapters (as well as an early promotional blurb), apparently in conflation with the origin given by the aforementioned Romance Dawn prototypes. To date, whether this origin actually applies to One Piece proper has been neither proven nor disproven in-story.

Spelling of Gears
In Japanese, the Gears are spelled with Arabic numerals with furigana over them. The furigana indicates that the number is to be pronounced as an ordinal number (second, third, fourth, fifth) rather than a cardinal number (two, three, four, five). Thus, Gear 2 is pronounced as "Gear Second" and so on. Oda has romanized the names of both Gear 4 and Gear 5 in English, which show that the number is intended to be written as a numeral rather than as the written pronunciation.

VIZ and the Funimation subs have elected to refer to the Gears using written out cardinal numbers (e.g., "Gear Two") even though it is not pronounced this way in Japanese. The Funimation dub keeps the ordinal pronunciations, but switches the word order to put the number first (e.g., "Second Gear"). While this is obviously a deviation from the Japanese, it does make more grammatical sense in English and also aligns with the terms for gears in an automobile.

Trivia

 * One Piece Magazine Vol.6 features an illustration of Roronoa Zoro having hypothetically been granted the Gomu Gomu no Mi's powers. Eiichiro Oda drew it following a fan request.
 * This is the first Devil Fruit—specifically, the first Paramecia-type—depicted in the series.
 * Upon its reveal to be a Mythical Zoan Devil Fruit, this also makes it the first Zoan fruit to have been depicted in the series, while the status of the first Paramecia was delegated to the Bara Bara no Mi.
 * Luffy has far more named Devil Fruit attacks than any other Devil Fruit user.
 * In Romance Dawn, Version 2, the Gomu Gomu no Mi was estimated by Luffy's grandfather to be worth 5.000.000.000.
 * This value is the same as the one estimated by Diez Barrels for the Ope Ope no Mi.
 * Both Gecko Moria and Charlotte Brûlée were able to imitate the usage of the Gomu Gomu no Mi using their Devil Fruits, the Kage Kage no Mi and Mira Mira no Mi respectively. While Brûlée mirrored the techniques herself, Moria used Kage Kakumei to manipulate Oars' body infused with Luffy's shadow to perform the attacks.
 * Other characters have imitated the naming pattern of the fruit's techniques.
 * Oars has used an attack called "Gomu Gomu no Shirimochi" during his fight against the Straw Hats.
 * In the anime, Bentham tried to fool Magellan by using Gomu Gomu no Okama Pistol, Okama Gatling, and Okama Giant Scythe, though he only copied the naming pattern and not the attacks themselves.
 * Bartolomeo intentionally named his Bari Bari no Pistol technique after Luffy's, using the name of his own Devil Fruit.
 * Gasparde and Charlotte Katakuri both mimicked the Gomu Gomu no Mi's rubbery physiology via their Devil Fruits that allows them to turn their bodies into a substance that possesses elastic properties:
 * Gasparde's Ame Ame no Mi turns his body into candy syrup, that he can stretch forward, and create a slingshot effect with his arms similar to Luffy's "Gomu Gomu no Rocket".
 * Katakuri's Mochi Mochi no Mi turns his body into sticky mochi, which he can stretch forward very much like Luffy's. He can also expand his limbs to mimic the "Gomu Gomu no Elephant Gun".
 * This is so far the only Devil Fruit to go by two different names and have two different classifications.
 * In the mythology of the One Piece world, Nika is regarded as a god who would free slaves and captives from bondage. Luffy has fulfilled this role on a large scale three times: first when he freed slaves from the Human Auctioning House on Sabaody Archipelago, then when he unwittingly instigated a mass breakout from the great prison Impel Down, then finally when he engineered a revolt at the Prisoner Mine in Wano. Additionally, he has performed numerous other smaller-scale rescues as well as liberated entire nations from despotic rulers and usurpers—namely Shells Town, Orange Town, the Conomi Islands, Drum Island, Arabasta Kingdom, Skypiea, Fish-Man Island, Dressrosa, and Wano Country.
 * This is the first Mythical Zoan based on a fully fictional creature that doesn't belong in any real-world folklore.
 * Eating this Devil Fruit, which grants him all the traits of the Sun God, Nika, serves as irony as Luffy once fought against Enel, who believed himself to be God.
 * Most of the Gomu Gomu no Mi techniques & traits, especially the Gear 3, 4 and 5, are most likely based on classic American animation, such as rubber hose animation, cartoon logic and effects, as well the user of the supernatural mask from The Mask.
 * Since the fruit's being revealed as a Mythical Zoan, it remains unknown if Luffy's Gear 5 form serves as his Beast form or his Human-Beast/hybrid form.
 * In the 4Kids dub, the Gomu Gomu no Mi sound effects were changed to various synth sound effects.

SBS-Based Trivia

 * One of the fans asked Oda if Luffy's genitalia could stretch, and Oda answered that it could.
 * One of the fans asked Oda why he gave Luffy rubber powers, and Oda answered that it was because it was the funniest power, explaining that no matter how serious the story in the manga was, the reader would be able to relax and observe with interest what is happening.
 * This question was answered by Oda twice, first in Shonen Jump, and then in SBS.